Empyema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of pus within a body cavity, typically in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. The pleural space is a thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura, which are the membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs.

Empyema often occurs as a complication of another condition, such as pneumonia or a lung infection. When an infection spreads to the pleural space, the body's immune system responds by sending white blood cells to fight the infection. This can lead to the accumulation of pus, dead white blood cells, and other debris in the pleural space.

Common symptoms of empyema may include:

Chest pain, which is often sharp and worsens with deep breaths or coughing.

Fever and chills.

Shortness of breath.

Cough, which may produce yellow or greenish sputum.

Fatigue and general weakness.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, to visualize the pleural space and identify the presence of fluid or pus. Treatment typically involves draining the pus from the pleural space, usually through a procedure called thoracentesis or with the placement of a chest tube. Antibiotics are also prescribed to treat the underlying infection.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of empyema are essential to prevent complications and promote recovery. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage to the pleura. The specific treatment approach will depend on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause.